This same philosophy is now transforming how we manage energy in commercial and industrial buildings. With Senzemo’ non-invasive energy meters, facility managers can gain deep insights into energy consumption—without ever needing to shut down operations or modify infrastructure. It’s a seamless, scalable solution that echoes the success of smart farming, but in the context of energy efficiency and sustainability.

What Agriculture Teaches Us About Smart Monitoring

In Senzemo’s case, the challenge was clear: how do you monitor temperature inside a dense, compact mass of grain or mulch without disturbing the structure or requiring constant manual checks? The answer came in the form of wireless, battery-powered sensors that could be inserted at various depths and transmit data continuously. This allowed operators to detect early signs of overheating or fermentation—issues that, if left unchecked, could lead to spoilage or even combustion.

The beauty of this system lies in its simplicity. There’s no need to dismantle silos or install complex wiring. The sensors are discreet, efficient, and reliable. They provide the kind of visibility that turns reactive management into proactive strategy. And that’s exactly the kind of transformation that Senzemo brings to energy monitoring.

The Energy Management Revolution: Inspired by the Field

Imagine applying the same principles to a hospital, a university campus, or a manufacturing plant. Instead of waiting for energy bills to reveal inefficiencies, what if you could see—in real time—how much energy each system or department is consuming? What if you could identify anomalies the moment they occur, and take action before they escalate into costly problems?

Senzemo’s non-invasive energy meters make this possible. Using clamp-on ultrasonic technology, these devices measure flow and energy usage without cutting into pipes or interrupting service. Installation takes minutes, not hours. And once in place, they deliver continuous, accurate data that can be integrated into any building management system. It’s a smarter, faster, and more cost-effective way to take control of energy consumption.

A Shared Vision: Data-Driven Decisions Without Disruption

Whether you’re managing a grain silo or a smart building, the goal is the same: make informed decisions based on reliable data. In both cases, the key is to gather that data without disrupting daily operations. That’s what makes non-invasive monitoring so powerful. It respects the integrity of the system while enhancing its performance.

In agriculture, this means healthier crops and safer storage. In industrial and commercial environments, it means lower energy consumption, improved indoor air quality, and better compliance with sustainability goals. The technology may differ in application, but the impact is universal.

Why Senzemo is the Right Choice for Smart Monitoring

Senzemohas built its reputation on precision, reliability, and ease of use. Their non-invasive sensor systems are trusted by organizations across sectors—from agriculture and logistics to smart cities and industrial automation. What sets them apart is not just the quality of their products, but their commitment to making environmental and operational monitoring accessible and actionable.

By eliminating the need for invasive installation, Senzemo removes one of the biggest barriers to digital transformation. Their solutions are ideal for retrofitting older infrastructure, conducting environmental audits, or simply gaining a clearer picture of how systems behave in real time. And because they integrate seamlessly with digital platforms, they’re a perfect fit for any smart monitoring strategy.

From Insight to Impact: The Future is Non-Invasive

The Senzemo case study is more than a story about grain storage—it’s a glimpse into a future where data drives every decision. It shows us that with the right tools, we can monitor complex systems effortlessly, respond to issues before they escalate, and operate more sustainably.

Senzemo brings that same future to energy and environmental management. Their non-invasive sensors empower organizations to see more, waste less, and act faster. It’s not just about saving resources—it’s about transforming how we think about monitoring and control.

What Are Ultrafine Particles—and Why Should We Care?

Ultrafine particles are defined as airborne particles with a diameter of less than 100 nanometers. Because of their size, they behave differently from larger particulate matter like PM₂.₅ or PM₁₀. UFPs can penetrate deep into the lungs, cross into the bloodstream, and reach organs including the brain and heart. Their health impacts are severe and wide-ranging, from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases to neurological disorders.

A 2024 study by McGill University found that exposure to UFPs is linked to over 1,000 premature deaths annually in Toronto and Montreal alone—a staggering figure that underscores the urgency of addressing this form of pollution. Airports, with their constant flow of aircraft and support vehicles, are among the most concentrated sources of UFPs in urban environments.

The Aviation Sector’s Invisible Emissions Problem

While CO₂ emissions from aviation are widely tracked and debated, non-CO₂ effects account for up to two-thirds of the sector’s total climate impact, according to a landmark study by CE Delft. These include nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), contrail formation, and particulate matter—especially UFPs emitted during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.

These emissions don’t just contribute to global warming; they also have immediate, localized health consequences. Communities living near airports, as well as airport workers, are exposed daily to high concentrations of UFPs. Yet, despite their danger, UFPs remain largely unregulated in most parts of the world.

That’s beginning to change. The European Union’s Ambient Air Quality Directive (2024/2881) now includes UFPs as a pollutant of concern, signaling a shift toward more comprehensive air quality standards. This regulatory momentum makes real-time UFP monitoring not just a best practice—but a necessity.

Pegasor: Making the Invisible Measurable

Pegasor’s suite of monitoring instruments is designed to meet the unique challenges of measuring UFPs in dynamic, high-emission environments like airports. Devices such as the Pegasor Airam and PPS-M offer continuous, real-time data on particle number concentration, lung-deposited surface area (LDSA), and other critical metrics.

Unlike traditional mass-based sensors, Pegasor’s technology captures the true health impact of airborne particles by focusing on the number and surface area of UFPs—two factors closely linked to their biological activity. These instruments are compact, robust, and capable of operating in mobile labs, stationary fence-line setups, or even onboard aircraft for engine-out testing.

This level of precision and flexibility allows airport authorities, environmental agencies, and researchers to map pollution hotspots, assess exposure risks, and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies in real time.

From Compliance to Commitment: Why Monitoring Matters

Monitoring UFPs is not just about meeting regulatory requirements—it’s about protecting lives and restoring trust. Airports are often located near densely populated areas, and the communities that live closest to them are frequently the most vulnerable. Transparent, science-based monitoring can help rebuild public confidence and guide smarter urban planning.

Moreover, as the aviation industry seeks to align with global climate goals, addressing non-CO₂ emissions will be essential. Real-time UFP data can inform decisions on fleet upgrades, ground operations, and infrastructure design, making sustainability efforts more targeted and effective.

The Future of Aviation Is Clearer Than Ever

The skies may be open, but the air around our airports is anything but clean. As the evidence mounts—from CE Delft’s climate modeling to McGill’s public health findings—it’s clear that ultrafine particles represent one of the most urgent and under-addressed challenges in aviation today.

Pegasor’s technology offers a path forward: one where emissions are no longer invisible, and where data drives meaningful change. By investing in UFP monitoring, airports and aviation stakeholders can take a decisive step toward cleaner air, healthier communities, and a more sustainable future.

Because what we can measure, we can manage—and what we manage, we can improve.

With water resources becoming increasingly scarce and extreme weather events more frequent, farmers must adapt their practices. Irrigation is becoming a strategic issue, yet it still too often relies on intuition or experience, which can lead to over- or under-watering both harmful to crops and the environment.

The INBW Project: Toward Smart Irrigation

A goal was then set to develop an intelligent platform capable of centralizing and leveraging meteorological and agronomic data to automate and refine irrigation. To achieve this, a reliable, mobile, and easily integrable tool was created.

A Technological Solution: The Weather Backpack

The answer came from LAMBRECHT meteo, a company specializing in meteorological measurement instruments. Their solution, the Weather Backpack, is an all-in-one weather station designed for demanding research environments. It measures seven essential parameters: temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, dew point, global radiation, wind speed, and direction. Thanks to its portable, robust, and connected design, the Weather Backpack can be quickly deployed in the field without complex installation. It offers real-time data transmission and compatibility with other sensors, such as precipitation gauges.

An Effective Collaboration Between Research and Industry

The partnership between LAMBRECHT meteo and Ostfalia University allowed the Weather Backpack to be adapted to the specific needs of the INBW project. This collaboration facilitated the collection of essential data to model evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and surface runoff—key elements for efficient irrigation.

Technology Serving Sustainable Agriculture

This use case perfectly illustrates how technology can address today’s agricultural challenges. By combining precision, mobility, and connectivity, the Weather Backpack stands out as an essential tool for researchers and farmers looking to optimize their water management.

At the forefront of this transformation is Falker, a company that provides practical, accessible tools for every stage of the precision agriculture journey. Let’s explore how this approach works—and why it’s changing the future of farming.

1. Know Your Field: The Power of Smart Data Collection

Every field is different—and so is every part of a field. The first step in precision agriculture is to identify variability in soil, crop health, and environmental conditions. This is done using tools like:

• Soil sensors to measure moisture, compaction, and nutrient levels

• Drones and satellite imagery to detect plant stress and growth patterns

• Field mapping tools to create georeferenced data layers

Falker’s solutions, such as the Falker Map platform and Soil Compaction Meter, make it easy to gather this data accurately and efficiently, even in large or remote areas.

1. From Data to Decisions: Making Sense of What You See

Once data is collected, the next step is to analyze and interpret it. This is where the real value of precision agriculture begins to emerge. Using software platforms, farmers can:

• Visualize field variability in maps and graphs

• Identify trends in soil fertility, pest pressure, or water distribution

• Compare historical data to current conditions

Falker’s software tools help transform complex datasets into clear, actionable insights, enabling farmers to make informed decisions based on real conditions—not assumptions.

1. Plan with Precision: Tailored Strategies for Every Zone

With a clear understanding of field variability, farmers can now plan interventions that are tailored to the specific needs of each zone. This might include:

• Adjusting fertilizer rates based on soil nutrient levels

• Modifying irrigation schedules according to moisture data

• Planning crop rotation or planting density based on historical performance

This stage is where efficiency meets sustainability. By applying inputs only where needed, farmers reduce waste, lower costs, and improve environmental outcomes.

1. Act with Accuracy: Smart Application in the Field

The final stage is execution—applying the right treatment, in the right place, at the right time. With GPS-guided machinery and variable rate technology, farmers can:

• Apply fertilizers, pesticides, and water with pinpoint accuracy

• Reduce overlap and input waste

• Monitor application in real time

Falker’s tools integrate seamlessly with modern agricultural equipment, ensuring that data-driven decisions are implemented with precision in the field.

Why Falker?

Falker stands out by offering a complete, farmer-friendly ecosystem for precision agriculture. Their tools are designed to be:

• Accessible: Easy to use, even for those new to digital farming

• Affordable: Scalable solutions for farms of all sizes

• Reliable: Built for real-world agricultural conditions

• Integrated: From data collection to application, everything works together

Whether you're just starting with precision agriculture or looking to scale your efforts, Falker provides the technology, support, and expertise to help you succeed.

Conclusion

Precision agriculture isn’t just about technology—it’s about making better decisions. By following a structured, four-stage approach, farmers can unlock the full potential of their land while reducing environmental impact and increasing profitability.

With Falker’s integrated solutions, precision agriculture becomes not only possible—but practical.

Contact us to learn more.

Micronics Ltd offers a breakthrough solution: non-invasive ultrasonic energy meters that deliver precise, real-time energy data without the need to cut into pipework or halt operations. This technology is transforming how facilities manage heating systems and energy consumption.

The Hidden Costs of Traditional Energy Meters

Conventional (invasive) energy meters come with a range of drawbacks that can hinder both performance and profitability:

• System Downtime: Installation requires shutting down the system, which can disrupt essential services.
• High Installation Costs: Pipe modifications, specialized labor, and extended installation times drive up costs.
• Decreasing Accuracy Over Time: Mechanical wear can lead to inaccurate readings, affecting billing and energy management.

These issues are particularly problematic in environments where continuity is critical—such as healthcare, education, and large-scale commercial operations.

The Micronics Solution: Non-Invasive, High-Precision Energy Monitoring

Micronics’ non-invasive meters are designed to be installed externally on pipework, using clamp-on ultrasonic sensors. This eliminates the need for system shutdowns, pipe cutting, or intrusive modifications.

A Simple, Three-Step Implementation Process

1. Site Assessment
   A detailed survey identifies optimal installation points and selects the right meter model based on system specifications.

2. Quick, Clean Installation
   The meters are securely mounted on the outside of the pipes and connected to a data logging system—no cutting, no mess, no downtime.

3. Real-Time Monitoring & Optimization
   A digital dashboard provides live energy usage data, enabling facility managers to detect inefficiencies, optimize performance, and reduce waste.

Electrical panel inspection during energy monitoring setup. 

Real-World Results: Proven Performance and ROI

A recent case study on a Low Temperature Hot Water (LTHW) system revealed the following measurable benefits:

• 15% reduction in installation costs by avoiding invasive procedures
• CA$12,750 saved annually on maintenance and calibration
• 5% improvement in measurement accuracy, leading to better energy allocation and cost control
• CA$17,000 in annual energy savings through targeted efficiency improvements
• 10% reduction in system downtime, ensuring uninterrupted service delivery
• CA$8,500 saved annually by avoiding operational disruptions

These results demonstrate the tangible value of switching to non-invasive metering—not just in energy savings, but in operational efficiency and long-term cost reduction.

Why Choose Micronics?

Choosing Micronics means choosing a smarter, more sustainable approach to energy management. Unlike traditional metering systems that require invasive installation and frequent maintenance, Micronics’ non-invasive technology is engineered for simplicity, precision, and long-term value. The meters are installed externally, meaning there’s no need to cut into pipework or interrupt operations—an essential advantage for facilities where uptime is critical. This not only reduces installation time and cost but also eliminates the risk of leaks or contamination during setup.

Beyond installation, Micronics meters deliver high-accuracy data that empowers facility managers to make informed decisions about energy use, cost allocation, and system optimization. The real-time monitoring capabilities allow for proactive energy management, helping organizations meet sustainability goals and regulatory requirements. Whether you're retrofitting an existing system or equipping a new facility, Micronics offers a scalable, future-proof solution backed by decades of expertise in flow measurement.

Conclusion

Micronics’ non-invasive energy meters are more than just a technical upgrade—they’re a strategic investment in operational continuity, energy efficiency, and cost control. By eliminating the need for invasive installation and providing accurate, real-time data, these meters empower facility managers to make smarter, faster decisions.

Micronics Ltd, part of the British Rototherm Group, is a leader in innovative flow measurement solutions. To learn more or request a personalized demo, contact us.

In commercial and industrial environments, chilled water systems (CHW) are essential for maintaining stable temperatures in data centers, production facilities, and large buildings. However, monitoring the energy consumption of these systems presents a series of technical and operational challenges.

Traditional energy meters often require invasive installation procedures. This means shutting down the system, cutting into pipes, and disrupting operations—an approach that is both costly and impractical for facilities that rely on continuous cooling. The complexity increases when the cooling medium includes glycol and ethanol, as these substances have variable physical properties that affect flow measurement accuracy. Additionally, maintaining reliable data over time is difficult due to changing flow conditions and the influence of different pipe materials, which often necessitate frequent recalibration and maintenance.

2. A Non-Invasive, High-Precision Solution

To address these issues, Micronics Ltd, a company within the British Rototherm Group, has developed a non-invasive energy metering solution based on ultrasonic technology. These meters are designed to be installed externally on existing pipework, eliminating the need for any system shutdown or physical modification of the infrastructure. The ultrasonic sensors measure flow rates and temperatures with high precision, even in systems using glycol and ethanol mixtures. Once installed, the meters transmit real-time data to monitoring dashboards, allowing facility managers to track energy consumption trends and optimize system performance. This approach not only ensures continuous operation but also provides the data needed to make informed decisions about energy efficiency.

3. Real-World Benefits and Measurable Results

The implementation of Micronics’ non-invasive meters has led to significant operational improvements in various facilities. By avoiding invasive procedures, organizations have reduced maintenance costs by up to 20%. System uptime has increased by 15%, thanks to the elimination of installation-related disruptions. Furthermore, the availability of accurate, real-time data has enabled a 10% reduction in energy consumption, translating into annual savings of up to £80,000.

These results demonstrate the value of investing in advanced energy monitoring technologies, particularly in environments where cooling systems are critical to operational continuity.

4. Applications in Commercial and Industrial Settings

Micronics’ technology is particularly well-suited for commercial buildings, data centers, and industrial facilities. These environments demand high reliability, minimal downtime, and precise control over energy use. The non-invasive nature of the solution makes it ideal for retrofitting existing systems without interrupting operations, while the real-time monitoring capabilities support proactive maintenance and energy optimization strategies.

5. Conclusion

represent a significant advancement in the monitoring of chilled water systems. By eliminating the need for invasive installation and adapting to complex fluid environments, these meters offer a practical, cost-effective, and highly accurate solution for energy monitoring. As part of the British Rototherm Group, Micronics continues to lead in ultrasonic sensor innovation, providing commercial and industrial operators with the tools they need to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and maintain uninterrupted operations.

Problem

Urban population (% of total population) in Canada was reported at 81.56 % in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. The Canadian government estimate that every year in Canada, air pollution is linked to:

• 15,300 premature deaths
• 2.7 million asthma symptom days
• 35 million acute respiratory symptom days
• We estimate the socio-economic costs of the health impacts of air pollution in Canada at $120B per year (based on 2016 currency).
• Their analysis uses the best available health and air quality data for Canada. (Source: https://www.canada.ca/)

Hence, the expansion of cities has led to an increase in automobiles, industrial production, and rapid deforestation. Consequently, air pollution and environmental deterioration have reached an alarming stage. One of the fundamental features of smart cities is providing a sustainable environment. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have made it quintessential to monitor the environmental parameters. The major problem in environmental monitoring is real-time data acquisition through durable and accurate monitoring equipment. Hence, Compact Air Quality Monitoring Sensors play an important role in Environmental Monitoring for Smart cities.

DOCTORS CALL FOR A NATIONAL CLEAN AIR STRATEGY

The Quebec Association of Environmental Doctors (AQME) has raised concerns about air pollution in Quebec, stating that despite significant progress over the past two decades, air quality issues persist. Highlighting key figures, AQME reports that air pollution in Quebec is linked to 4,000 premature deaths annually with healthcare costs estimated at $30 billion. The organization emphasizes the underestimated impact of air pollution on health, listing conditions such as asthma, neurodevelopmental disorders in children, early dementia, and cardiovascular diseases among adults.

AQME advocates for the Quebec government to update the toxicity thresholds for certain air pollutants, following the World Health Organization's 2021 revised air quality guidelines. Specifically, AQME points out the dangers of fine particles (PM2.5), which due to their small size, can penetrate respiratory pathways and circulate in the bloodstream, posing significant health risks. The current daily average limit in Quebec is 30 µg/m3, double the WHO's recommended maximum of 15 µg/m3. AQME's call to action includes a push for real-time public access to pollutant levels and the establishment of a public environmental information registry to enhance transparency and inform community responses to air quality issues. (https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/environnement/2024-02-06/des-medecins-demandent-une-strategie-nationale-pour-un-air-pur.php)

CONCEPT

For Smart cities, it is necessary to monitor the environmental conditions for identifying the sources of pollution and mitigate them. So, a network of low-cost air quality monitoring sensor nodes can be deployed to monitor air quality and meteorological parameters. Hence, through pollution source detection, the city can take corrective measures and improve its environmental health. By installing disaster detection systems like floods and rainfall monitoring solutions in your surrounding. the citizens can be alerted beforehand

Target Paremeters

Proposed Solutions

The Bettair® Platform, equipped with the state-of-the-art Bettair Node, sets a new benchmark in air quality monitoring for urban landscapes, positioning itself as a key player in the quest for the best air quality monitoring solutions. This sophisticated platform is engineered for smart cities striving to map air pollution with unparalleled precision, deploying a network of Bettair Nodes across urban fixtures to capture a broad spectrum of air quality indicators, including NO2, NO, CO, O3, SO2, H2S, CO2, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, as well as ambient noise levels. It employs cutting-edge connectivity, including 3G/4G/5G, NB-IoT, and LoRaWAN, facilitating the seamless transmission of critical, real-time environmental data.

The platform's excellence in the field of air quality monitoring has been internationally recognized, most notably with its triumph in the AIRLAB Microsensors Challenge 2023, where it was awarded for Air Quality Monitoring and received the title of "Most Accurate Multi-Pollutant Sensor." These prestigious accolades highlight the Bettair® Platform's superior performance, driven by an innovative post-processing algorithm that utilizes unsupervised machine learning techniques to refine sensor data, achieving remarkable accuracy with a Pearson Correlation exceeding 90%. This achievement not only cements Bettair's dominance in air monitoring technology but also underscores its dedication to equipping municipalities with advanced tools to analyze and mitigate air pollution, ensuring healthier urban environments.

Applications

The Bettair® Platform, with its innovative Bettair Node, has become a cornerstone in air quality monitoring across Europe, especially in Spain, where its implementation spans a diverse array of urban and industrial settings. Cities like Barcelona, Rome, Malaga, and Zurich along with ports such as Tarragona, Valencia, and Sagunto, have adopted this technology to gather precise air quality data. This wide adoption underscores the system's versatility and capability to meet varied environmental monitoring needs beyond just urban centers.

Indeed, the Bettair® Platform's flexibility allows it to cater to a broad spectrum of applications, including cities, ports, airports, and industrial zones. This adaptability is crucial for comprehensive environmental monitoring, offering stakeholders valuable insights into air pollution levels across different scenarios. By providing accurate, real-time data, the Bettair® technology supports targeted actions to mitigate pollution and protect public health, showcasing its pivotal role in environmental sustainability efforts across Europe.

The Challenge:

The United States is experiencing a rising trend in the consumption of fresh produce, but unfortunately, this surge is paralleled by an increase in the occurrence of foodborne illness outbreaks. Between 2004 and 2012, there were 377 reported outbreaks of foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of produce in the United States. These outbreaks were attributed to pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. In 2011, measures such as enhanced surveillance and improved pre- and post-harvest food safety practices were implemented, resulting in a decline in Salmonella outbreaks linked to tomatoes.

Ozone has been explored as a potential treatment method to mitigate the risk of future foodborne illness outbreaks. The FDA approved the use of ozone as a direct additive for food treatment in 2001, and both gaseous ozone and aqueous ozone are now commonly employed in the treatment of produce.

Researchers from the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service undertook a study to investigate the treatment of grape tomatoes using high ozone concentrations. The focus was particularly on the ozone's role in deactivating Salmonella, yeasts, and molds on the tomatoes. Additionally, the study observed the impact of ozone treatment on the sensory and nutritional quality of the fruit during a 21-day storage period at 10 °C.

The Resolution:

Tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella underwent exposure to ozone at concentrations of either 1.71 mgL-1, 3.43 mgL-1, or 6.85 mgL-1 for durations of 2 hours or 4 hours. Subsequently, the treated tomatoes were stored for 21 days at 10°C. Assessments of Salmonella populations, sensory attributes (including the detection of off-odors), total plate count (TPC), mold and yeast count, color, firmness, lycopene content, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content were conducted on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 of the storage period.

Salmonella inoculation was achieved by applying a 10 μl bacterial suspension to the stem scar or smooth surface areas of the tomatoes. To prevent runoff, aliquots of the inoculum were strategically placed at five locations on the smooth surface of the fruit. The ozone treatment setup for the tomatoes included an ozone generator (NANO, Absolute Ozone, Edmonton, Canada), an ozone monitor (106-MH, 2B Technologies, Boulder, CO, USA), a proportional integral device (PID), a one-gallon treatment jar, and an ozone destruct unit (Ozone Solutions, Hull, IA, USA). The gas mixture of oxygen and nitrogen from pressurized cylinders was regulated by the PID controller and ozone monitor to achieve the specified ozone concentrations in the treatment jar.

Outcomes:

Ozone treatment proved effective in diminishing Salmonella populations on grape tomatoes. The 2-hour and 4-hour treatments with 6.85 mgL-1 ozone led to approximately a 2-log reduction in CFU fruit−1 on both the smooth surface and stem scar areas of the tomatoes. However, the other ozone treatments (1.71 mgL-1 and 3.43 mgL-1 for 2 hours and 4 hours) did not exhibit a significant impact on Salmonella populations when compared to the control.

Notably, ozone treatments at concentrations of 6.85 mgL-1 for 2 hours and 4 hours, as well as 3.43 mgL-1 for 4 hours, resulted in a significant reduction in total plate count on both day 1 and day 7 of the storage period. Furthermore, the yeast and mold count experienced a significant decrease on day 7 of storage following the 4-hour ozone treatment with 6.85 mgL-1.

Various aspects of fruit quality were evaluated, revealing notable findings. Grape tomatoes treated with 3.43 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours exhibited significantly lower appearance scores than the control on all sampling days, except for day 1. Moreover, the 4-hour treatment with 6.85 mgL-1 ozone significantly reduced the appearance scores of grape tomatoes on every sampling day, to the extent that tomatoes treated with both 3.43 mgL-1 and 6.85 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours deteriorated to the point of being unsuitable for sale.

In terms of off-odor, fruit treated with 3.43 mgL-1 for 4 hours had significantly higher off-odor than the control on day 1 and day 14. Additionally, grape tomatoes treated with 6.85 mgL-1 for 4 hours exhibited significantly higher off-odor than the control on all sampling days.

The redness ratio, deemed acceptable by the USDA in the range of 0.95–1.21, fell below the threshold for fruit treated with 3.43 mgL-1 and 6.85 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours on all sampling days.

All ozone treatments at concentrations of 3.43 mgL-1 and 6.85 mgL-1 resulted in significant reductions in the firmness of grape tomatoes, with a noticeable immediate loss of firmness.

Regarding biochemical composition, fruit treated with 6.85 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours exhibited significantly lower lycopene content on day 1. Lower lycopene content was also observed in fruit treated with 3.43 mgL-1 ozone for 2 hours and 6.85 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours on day 14. After 21 days of storage, fruit treated with 3.43 mgL-1 and 6.85 mgL-1 ozone for 4 hours displayed only one-third of the ascorbic acid content compared to the control.

In summary, elevated concentrations of gaseous ozone effectively decreased Salmonella populations on both the smooth surface and stem scar area of tomatoes, also leading to a reduction in native microbiota populations during the initial storage phase.

Nevertheless, the application of gaseous ozone treatments resulted in detrimental effects on tomato quality and nutritional content. These adverse impacts encompassed alterations in appearance, the onset of off-odors, softening, diminished redness, and a decline in ascorbic acid/lycopene content. Consequently, the utilization of high ozone concentrations for extended periods may not be suitable for enhancing the microbial safety of grape tomatoes without compromising the overall quality of the fruit.

The Role of the 2B Tech Instrument

The Model 106-MH Ozone Monitor played a crucial role in quantifying and regulating the ozone concentration employed to assess its impact on grape tomatoes. With its broad measurement range of approximately 0-21.41 mgL-1 (0-10,000 ppm), this instrument facilitated the control of all three distinct ozone levels utilized in the study. The two-level relays, featured in the Model 106-MH, were employed to govern the output of an ozone generator, ensuring a consistent and stable ozone level. This was imperative for exposing grape tomatoes to the precise ozone amounts needed, allowing researchers to accurately document its effects on the fruit. The compact size and portability of the Model 106-MH made it convenient to pair with the NANO ozone generator for the purposes of this study.

The Key Takeaway

If your needs involve monitoring ozone off-gas in a water treatment plant, managing lower concentration ozone generators, overseeing ozone in food treatment, or engaging in any research project or industrial application requiring ozone concentrations between 0-10,000 ppm, then the Model 106-MH Ozone Monitor is the ideal choice. The instrument is available in our distinctive blue bench-top enclosure (depicted on the left), in an industrial/NEMA wall-mount enclosure, or as an OEM if integration into your own system is preferred. With its exceptionally low power requirements and high portability, the instrument is versatile for various ozone-related projects and research studies. The previously mentioned two-level relays empower the instrument to regulate an ozone generator or trigger an external warning system in case ozone concentrations surpass a user-defined set point (refer to our Tech Note 45 for insights into applications of these relays). For further discussions on utilizing the Model 106-MH for your specific application, please reach out to 2B Technologies.

Utilizing low-cost gas sensors as an alternative for monitoring air quality, whether in indoor or outdoor settings, presents certain challenges. The effectiveness of these sensors is contingent upon their operational measurement technique, and the quality of the data they provide can exhibit significant variations. Moreover, for optimal performance, these sensors require calibration at the deployment site. In indoor environments, monitoring CO2 levels is crucial for maintaining good air quality. Although low-cost gas sensors are commonly employed for this purpose, ensuring the accuracy of CO2 sensor performance necessitates careful evaluation and, if required, precise calibration. This assessment or calibration process involves comparing data from a reference instrument with the output from the sensor.

Figure 1:  The plot of the CSV file produced by the SentinAir system. The CO2  reference data come out from the Model 106-L equipped with the CO2 module.

The Resolution:

An expeditious method for assessing or calibrating CO2 gas sensors in indoor settings involves employing the SentinAir system in conjunction with the Model 106-L by 2B Technologies, equipped with the CARBOCAP Carbon Dioxide Module GMM112 by Vaisala. By utilizing both these instruments, users can efficiently evaluate CO2 gas sensors like the IRC-A1 by Alphasense and the TDS0058 by Dynament, both housed within the SentinAir device. The Model 106-L serves as the CO2 reference instrument, establishing a connection to the SentinAir device's serial port via a USB adapter for seamless data acquisition. No additional devices or instruments are required for this operation.

Outcomes:

Data generated by the 2B instrument and the two CO2 sensors are recorded with timestamps, constituting a CSV (Comma Separated Values) file accessible for download from SentinAir. By treating the values from the Model 106-L as the reference, it becomes possible to employ a linear regression model for assessing sensor performance or calibration purposes. Key indicators such as the correlation coefficient (R2), intercept, slope of the model, mean absolute error (MAE), and standard deviation (SD) play crucial roles in evaluating sensor performance. Figure 1 presents an example of data from the described instrument setup, while Table 1 and Figure 2 provide a summary of the calculated indicators.

Figure 2: Scatter plots showing the relationships between sensor data and the 106-L model acting as reference.

Table 1: Indicators of CO2 performance calculated from the linear regression mode.

Sensor R2 MAE SD Slope Intercept

IRCA1(1) 0,934 144,245 64,469 1,055 102,836

TDS0058(1) 0,985 121,211 32,277 0,954 153,947

The Role of the 2B Tech Instrument:

In this study, the Model 106-L equipped with an integrated CO2 sensor served as the calibration reference for the low-cost sensors. By aligning the sensors with the calibration provided by the Model 106-L, they could be confidently deployed for the measurement of air quality in both indoor and outdoor environments. This particular version of the Model 106-L, known as the "GO3 CO2 Experiment Package," was offered as an optional upgrade to the Model 106-L by 2B Technologies until 2017. Current measurements of CO2 are now accessible through our Personal Air Monitor (PAM), the AQLite-Standard Air Monitoring Package, and the AQSync Air Quality Monitoring Station. In addition to CO2, the PAM, AQLite, and AQSync are capable of measuring carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10), temperature, pressure, and relative humidity.

The Key Takeaway:

While the GO3 CO2 Experiment Package is no longer available from 2B Technologies, we offer a range of alternative products designed to meet your CO2 measurement needs. Beyond the previously mentioned PAM, both the AQSync and AQLite provide Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) quality ozone measurements, as well as readings for CO, CO2, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. The AQLite and AQSync, housed in weatherproof enclosures suitable for fixed installations (e.g., on light poles), also have an outdoor enclosure option for the PAM. These devices can directly upload data to our online database, allowing users to view it through a Google Earth-style overlay or download it as a CSV file.

The AQSync Air Quality Monitoring Station serves as an all-in-one instrument for measuring crucial air pollutants, offering customizable options for O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, PM1, PM2.5, ambient temperature (T), pressure (P), relative humidity (RH), wind speed, and wind direction. Utilizing FEM-grade measurements for O3 and NO2 and proven techniques for other pollutants, the AQSync features cellular connectivity for automatic data uploads to our online database. It can function as a drive-by calibration station for emerging sensor networks, facilitating adjustments to calibration parameters before field deployment. In data-sparse communities and developing countries, the AQSync can serve as a comprehensive air quality monitoring station, reducing infrastructure costs while ensuring compliance with local government regulations.

The Model 106-L Ozone Monitor is approved as a FEM for ambient ozone monitoring, certified to measure concentrations from 0-500 ppbv with an accuracy of 1.5 ppb or 2% of the reading (whichever is greater). Available in standard benchtop, wall-mount weatherproof, or OEM versions, the instrument caters to diverse monitoring needs.

For further details on using the Model 106-L, PAM, AQLite, or AQSync in your air monitoring application, please reach out to ES Canada.

The Challenge:

The onset of the Coronavirus pandemic has compelled businesses, governmental entities, and healthcare providers to devise innovative sanitation protocols, prioritizing the health and safety of their workforce and the general populace. The effectiveness of sanitation methods has become crucial in curbing the virus's spread. Conventional approaches like disinfecting wipes, sprays, and UV light treatments have limitations, including incomplete disinfection of room surfaces, labor-intensive application processes, and the potential presence of residual toxic chemicals post-cleaning. The escalating demand for heightened sanitation in indoor spaces during the pandemic has underscored the need for a disinfection process that is not only effective and efficient but also leaves no trace.

Gas-phase ozone has emerged as a prominent disinfection solution in the ongoing battle against COVID-19. Ozone's chemical properties enable it to combat various viruses and bacteria effectively. When applied in conjunction with high humidity, ozone proves highly adept at cleansing all room surfaces, reaching even hard-to-access cracks and crevices. Ozone acts as a catalytic disinfectant, leaving no chemical residue once the sterilization process concludes.

However, the use of ozone presents its own challenges. Elevated ozone concentrations in the air pose toxicity risks to humans. Consequently, a room must be entirely vacated and sealed to generate a sufficiently high ozone concentration, ensuring the destruction of viruses and bacteria. Following the ozone treatment, it becomes imperative to monitor when ozone concentrations have reduced to safe levels, permitting occupants to re-enter the room. Continuous ozone monitoring throughout the entire disinfection process is essential to meet these conditions.

The Resolution:

Recognizing the paramount importance of ensuring the health and safety of their clients, STERISAFE ApS, a European ozone generator manufacturer, made the strategic decision to integrate a UV-absorbance-based ozone monitor into their disinfection system. After a comprehensive assessment of various ozone monitors, STERISAFE opted to integrate the 2B Technologies' Model 108-L Ozone Monitor into their disinfection system. The standard version of the Model 108-L, lacking a pump, represents the most basic configuration. To facilitate seamless integration into their product, the STERISAFE PRO, 2B Technologies developed a customized version of the Model 108-L. This tailored version included a sheet metal enclosure to safeguard against electromagnetic interference, enhancing the instrument's overall performance. Additionally, the introduction of a pump to the Model 108-L transformed the customized ozone monitor into an all-inclusive package, eliminating the need for the STERISAFE PRO to provide a continuous flow of ozone gas to the instrument.

Finally, the ozone disinfection process utilized by the STERISAFE PRO requires elevated levels of relative humidity. As part of the integration, an external Nafion assembly is affixed to the inlet of the Model 108-L, aiding the instrument in adapting to fluctuating humidity conditions. The external Nafion assembly enables the instrument to mitigate any potential interference from water vapor in ozone measurements by equalizing the relative humidity between the reference and sample measurement cycles in the ozone monitor. This distinctive feature of 2B Tech instruments sets them apart; unlike other compact UV-absorption ozone monitors that do not employ Nafion, they encounter substantial interference in high relative humidity conditions.

The Role of the 2B Tech Instrument:

As mentioned earlier, the Model 108-L is seamlessly integrated into the STERISAFE PRO to monitor ozone throughout the entire disinfection process. With its integrated relay and extensive measurement range (0-100 ppm), this single instrument serves two crucial functions in the disinfection procedure. The upper limit of the measurement range enables the 108-L to notify STERISAFE when ozone concentrations reach a level sufficient for effective sterilization. Meanwhile, the lower limit of the measurement range allows the 108-L to identify when ozone concentrations have decreased to a safe level post-disinfection, allowing individuals to re-enter the treated area. The diverse data outputs provided by the Model 108-L (RS232, 4-20 mA, 0-2.5 V) facilitated STERISAFE in integrating ozone monitor data with diagnostic information from their generator. This integration enables customers to effortlessly monitor the performance of all aspects of the STERISAFE PRO.

In Summary:

The Model 108-L proves to be an ideal choice for integration with an ozone generator in applications requiring highly precise ozone measurements. This instrument features a two-level relay that serves either control or alarm purposes. For instance, users can program the relay with a designated ozone set point, allowing it to deactivate an ozone generator if the measured concentration surpasses the specified threshold or activate the generator if concentrations drop below the set point. Leveraging the relay in this manner optimizes the efficiency of an ozone generator. Alternatively, the relay can control an external alarm or warning light using a similar approach.

The Model 108-L is available for order with the pump/enclosure configuration, as utilized in the STERISAFE application, or without the pump in a truly basic configuration (standard version). Additionally, it can be acquired in a weatherproof/NEMA enclosure as part of the AQLite monitoring package. Many customers are now harnessing the monitoring capabilities of the 108-L for ambient ozone monitoring applications. Recognizing its high accuracy, the United States Environmental Protection Agency designates the Model 108-L as a Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) for monitoring ambient ozone. This recognition has led to its integration into a mobile monitoring project (explained in another Application Note) and inclusion in our innovative AQLite Monitoring Package. The AQLite seamlessly combines ozone measurements from the 108-L with meteorological measurements (T, P, RH) and sensor-based measurements for Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

Whether part of an ambient air quality monitoring system or a component of an industrial ozone disinfection package, the Model 108-L is well-suited for the task. To explore the application of the Model 108-L in your specific scenario, please reach out to 2B Technologies today.